[Foreign Policy] The Military Operation of #Turkey in the north of #Syria - The interests and the action of the actors 2019-10-22
On October 9, 2019 the Turkish military operation began in northern Syria began following the orders of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan (AKP) and without coordination with the Syrian government.
According to its own account the Turkish government wants to create a 32 km (20 miles) wide and 480 km (300 miles) long security zone.
At least one million of the approximately 3.6 million Syrian refugees from Turkey are to be resettled there.
Shortly before the US government announced that it was withdrawing part of its armed forces.
Together with Kurdish forces they fought ISIS and occupied northern Syria between the Euphrates and Turkey.
[1]
[2]
[3]
The Kurdish forces in northern Syria have rejected cooperation with the Syrian government in the past. However on October 13, 2019 Kurdish forces in northern Syria announced an alliance with the Syrian government. In addition the Kurdish forces in northern Syria accuse the US government of treachery. This change of alliances marks a turning point in the Syrian war. [4] [5] [6]
In addition there are several reports of IS members and other jihadists that already fled. On the one hand the armed forces which previously fought the IS and other jihadists will be further burdened by the Turkish military operation. And the Turkish armed forces are accused of deliberately targeting prisons for members of the IS and other jihadists. In Ain Issa more than 750 foreign fighters of the IS are said to have fled this way. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] The French newspaper le parisien reports that the inmates of Ain Issa were released as the guards were unable to maintain oversight during the Turkish military operation. [14] The last time such a thing happened was when IS fighters from Raqqa (Syria) were escorted in 2017. [15] [15,youtube]
The prevailing narrative about the Kurds is that they fought selflessly and without offenses against the IS and other jihadists. Kurdish forces were materially supported by various member states of NATO and personnel by US forces in northern Syria. With the factual establishment of an independent Kurdish state the Kurds in northern Syria have come closer to their goal of a Kurdish state. And the US government plays the role of the guardian of human rights in this narrative. Of course the right to self-determination of peoples applies to the Kurds as well. However it is naive to believe that the US government is acting only selflessly.
In fact Kurdish forces are accused of various crimes. Kurdish forces in Northeastern Syria are accused of ethnic cleansing to secure a Kurdish majority. [17] [18] In addition the Kurdish Armed Forces YPG (Yekineyen Parastina Gel/People's Protection Units) are accused of deliberately recruiting child soldiers. [19]
In addition Syria's few oil wells are located in the Kurdish-controlled part of Syria. Thus about 80% of the Syrian oil wells are not under the control of the Syrian government. The use or revenue from the sale could otherwise support or finance the reconstruction of Syria. [20] [21]
In addition the Turkish government is under pressure from the approximately 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey. Migration causes more people to compete for limited resources such as jobs, housing and social welfare. And the Turkish government has with the potential relocation of refugees from Turkey to northern Syria the opportunity to reduce domestic tensions.
And as a cover for their military operation the Turkish government has a free rein at least with the threat to let refugees travel to the EU. So far Turkey has served Europe as a barrier for refugees from across the region. However Turkish President Erdogan (AKP) has repeatedly threatened to allow Syrian refugees from Turkey to travel to Europe. [22] [23]
Beyond the Trump (R) administration the US government has been involved in the rise and spread of the IS. In late 2017 Operation Timber Sycamore was revealed. Operation Timber Sycamore was a secret operation to support so-called rebels in Syria by the US, Saudi and Qatar governments. Weapons, money and training were provided. While the weapons were manufactured in member states of the EU and the EU remained silent on Operation Timber Sycamore although several of its Member States were involved. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] In addition it became known in September 2019 that the supply of weapons stille takes place in 2019. [31] [32] [33]
On the other hand there is the participation of various European states in the Syria war such as Germany. The project The Day After is a project written by the SWP that provides a blueprint for the change of government in Syria. For this members of the Opposition from Syria met in Berlin (Germany) between January and June 2012 to plan joint action. And the SWP in Berlin is a foundation that advises the German Bundestag, the Federal Government and political decision-makers in Germany on questions of foreign and security policy. The SWP was founded on January 21, 1965 by the Bundestag and is funded by the Federal Government. [34] [34,pdf] [35] [36]
With the withdrawal of its own armed forces and the Turkish military operation the US government leaves a power vacuum and also allows the renewed growth of the IS and other jihadists. The IS and other jihadists are also against the Syrian government. As a result the US government can continue to pursue its old goals with new ways. And the alleged bombardment of its own troops by Turkish forces the US government answers only with possible sanctions. The fact that the US government accepts alleged shelling of its own forces by Turkish forces underlines this assumption. So instead of just criticizing the withdrawal of US forces at least the policy of the previous administration should be taken into account. [37] [38]
Various European countries such as Germany have already participated in Timber Sycamore and The Day After in supporting the IS and other jihadists. Now several European states, such as Germany have announced a stop to arms exports to Turkey. In 2018 arms exports from Germany to Turkey amounted to 242.8 million euros out of a total of 770.8 million euros. And in the first eight months of 2019 arms exports from Germany to Turkey already amounted to 250.4 million euros. [39] [41] [42] And the announced stop of arms exports to Turkey applies only to new approvals and not yet approved deliveries. In fact EU governments continue to refrain from deescalation in Syria. Whether the governments of the Alliance acted against the Syrian government or because of the threat of the Turkish government to let refugees continue to travel is open. [40] [41] [42]
In addition the Turkish government is attacking the Kurds with their military operation. Thus the Turkish government drives the Kurds into the arms of the Syrian government. And if the Turkish government actually places Syrian refugees in northern Syria it will reduce the Kurdish majority in northern Syria. Thus an independent Kurdistan that also originates from Syrian territory is less likely.
The fact that Iran and Russia allow the Turkish military operation underlines these assumptions. It is less to be feared that the case for the alliance (casus foederis) is caused by by potential firefights between the NATO member state Turkey and Iran or Russia. The case for the alliance (casus foederis) of NATO does not occur, if a NATO member state intervenes on foreign territory.
[1] NEWS - Turkey unleashes offensive against Kurds in northern Syria 2019-10-09
https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-unleashes-offensive-against-kurds-in-northern-syria/a-50758501
[2] Turkey launches ground offensive in northern Syria 2019-10-09
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49983357
[3] Turkey launches offensive against U.S.-allied Kurdish forces in northern Syria 2019-10-09
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/with-turkish-offensive-looming-syrian-kurds-mobilize-civilian-defense/2019/10/09/4efca794-ea02-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html
[4] Abandoned by U.S. in Syria, Kurds Find New Ally in American Foe 2019-10-13
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-turkey-invasion-isis.html
[5] The Latest: Australia says Turkey to blame for IS escapes 2019-10-14
https://www.apnews.com/3a9dfa9e44f24bd79a9dfaa0ff9ee90b
[6] Syrian Christians Fear Persecution During Turkey Offensive 2019-10-13
https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/syrian-christians-fear-persecution-during-turkey-offensive
[7] Turkey steps up Syria offensive against Kurds in spite of Trump's warnings 2019-10-15
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/turkey-syria-offensive-kurds-erdogan-us-president-donald-trump-warning-sanctions-today-2019-10-15/
[8] More than 160,000 have fled northern Syria as Turkish offensive escalates 2019-10-15
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/more-160-000-have-fled-northern-syria-turkish-offensive-continues-n1066196
[9] Bilder der Zerstörung aus einem Dorf bei Dêrik 2019-10-11
https://anfdeutsch.com/rojava-syrien/bilder-der-zerstoerung-aus-einem-dorf-bei-derik-14529
[10] Isis militants break out of prison in Syria after bombing by Turkey 2019-10-11
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-turkey-syria-prison-bombing-kurds-sdf-a9152536.html
[11] 'Almost all suspected ISIS militants' escape Syria camp: SDF 2019-10-13
https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/131020192
[12] At least 750 Isis affiliates escape Syria camp after Turkish shelling 2019-10-13
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/13/kurds-say-785-isis-affiliates-have-escaped-camp-after-turkish-shelling
[13] Analysis: IS attacks in Iraq drop as group focuses on Syria 2019-10-14
https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c2015olp
[14] «Les Kurdes nous ont dit "sortez, courez !"» : le témoignage de djihadistes françaises 2019-10-14
http://www.leparisien.fr/international/en-syrie-les-kurdes-laissent-s-echapper-des-djihadistes-francaises-14-10-2019-8172942.php
[15] Raqqa’s dirty secret 2017-11-13
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/raqqas_dirty_secret
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4KLrQKJn3c
[17] Amnesty wirft Kurdenkämpfern in Syrien Kriegsverbrechen vor 2015-10-13
https://www.dw.com/de/amnesty-wirft-kurdenk%2525C3%2525A4mpfern-in-syrien-kriegsverbrechen-vor/a-18777962
[18] Syrian Kurds accused of ethnic cleansing and killing opponents 2016-05-18
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/18/syrian-kurds-accused-of-ethnic-cleansing-and-killing-opponents/
[19] Underage girls recruited to Kurdish forces 2018-03-29
https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8660b34.html
[20] Trump Accuses Syria's Kurds of Selling Oil to Iran Then Vows to Protect Them 2019-01-03
https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/trump-accuses-syria-s-kurds-of-selling-oil-to-iran-then-vows-to-protect-them-1.6806810
[21] Arab Paper Reveals Syrian Kurds' Oil Privilege to Israeli Businessman 2019-07-15
https://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13980424000365
[22] Erdogan: I'll let Syrian refugees leave Turkey for west unless safe zone set up 2019-09-05
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/05/erdogan-ill-let-syrian-refugees-leave-turkey-for-west-unless-safe-zone-set-up
[23] Turkey's Erdogan threatens to send 'millions' of refugees to Europe if EU calls Syria offensive 'invasion' 2019-10-10
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/10/turkeys-erdogan-threatens-send-millions-refugees-europe-eu-calls/
[24] Statement from the Press Secretary 2019-10-06
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-85/
[25] Defense secretary: Trump orders withdrawal of remaining US troops from northern Syria 2019-10-13
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/13/politics/us-troops-syria-turkey/index.html
[26] Waffenexporte - Nahost-Kriege beflügeln bulgarische Rüstungsindustrie 2017-06-14
https://www.mdr.de/heute-im-osten/bulgarien-ruestung-100.html
[27] Behind the Sudden Death of a 1 Billion US-Dollar Secret C.I.A. War in Syria 2017-08-02
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/middleeast/cia-syria-rebel-arm-train-trump.html
[28] US-Waffenlieferungen - Heikle Fracht aus Ramstein 2017-09-12
https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/us-waffenlieferungen-heikle-fracht-aus-ramstein-1.3663289
[29] The Pentagon's 2.2 Billion Soviet Arms Pipeline Flooding Syria 2017-09-12
http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/the-pentagon-s-2-2-billion-soviet-arms-pipeline-flooding-syria-09-12-2017
[30] 350 diplomatic flights carry weapons for terrorists 2019-06-14
http://armswatch.com/350-diplomatic-flights-carry-weapons-for-terrorists/
[31] Islamic State weapons in Yemen traced back to US Government: Serbia files (part 1) 2019-09-01
http://armswatch.com/islamic-state-weapons-in-yemen-traced-back-to-us-government-serbia-files-part-1/
[32] US Task Force Smoking Gun smuggles weapons to Syria: Serbia files (part 2) 2019-09-02
http://armswatch.com/us-task-force-smoking-gun-smuggles-weapons-to-syria-serbia-files-part-2/
[33] Leaked arms dealers’ passports reveal who supplies terrorists in Yemen: Serbia files (Part 3) 2019-09-15
http://armswatch.com/leaked-arms-dealers-passports-reveal-who-supplies-terrorists-in-yemen-serbia-files-part-3/
[34] The Day After. Supporting a Democratic Transition in Syria 2012-08-12
https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/the-day-after-democratic-transition-in-syria/
https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2012C28_TDA.pdf
[35] Syrian Group Envisions Transition From Assad 2012-08-28
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/29/world/europe/syrian-group-envisions-transition-from-assad.html
[36] Concrete Proposals for Democratic Transition - Syrian Opposition Presents Vision for Day After Assad 2012-08-28
https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/syrian-opposition-presents-blueprint-for-shift-to-democracy-a-852602.html
[37] EXCLUSIVE: TURKEY ATTACKS US SPECIAL FORCES IN SYRIA, APPARENTLY BY MISTAKE 2019-10-11
https://www.newsweek.com/us-troops-syria-turkey-1464727
[38] 'We're ready to go at a moment's notice': Treasury Secretary Mnuchin on Turkey sanctions 2019-10-13
https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ready-moments-notice-secretary-steven-mnuchin-turkey-sanctions/story?id=66230141
[39] Wegen türkischer Offensive - Maas will Waffenexporte einschränken 2019-10-12
https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/waffenexporte-tuerkei-103.html
[40] Trotz Exportstopp - Waffenexporte in Türkei boomen 2019-10-17
https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/waffenexporte-tuerkei-105.html
[41] Rüstungsindustrie : Deutsche Waffenexporte in die Türkei auf höchstem Stand seit 14 Jahren 2019-10-17
https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019-10/ruestungsindustrie-waffenexporte-tuerkei-hoechster-stand-seit-13-jahren
[42] Rüstungsexporte in die Türkei - Wirtschaftsministerium widerspricht Merkel 2019-10-19
https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Wirtschaftsministerium-widerspricht-Merkel-article21339607.html
The Kurdish forces in northern Syria have rejected cooperation with the Syrian government in the past. However on October 13, 2019 Kurdish forces in northern Syria announced an alliance with the Syrian government. In addition the Kurdish forces in northern Syria accuse the US government of treachery. This change of alliances marks a turning point in the Syrian war. [4] [5] [6]
- The Local Consequences
- The Kurds
- The Turkish Government
- The US-Government and the Governments of the EU
- The Syrian Government and its Allies
The Local Consequences
The civilians bear the consequences for the Turkish military operation as well as the Syrian war. In the course of the Turkish military operation civilians come under attack as well and therefore flee from the fighting. [6] According to the UN at least 160,000 civilians have been displaced by the Turkish military operation by 15, October. [7] [8]In addition there are several reports of IS members and other jihadists that already fled. On the one hand the armed forces which previously fought the IS and other jihadists will be further burdened by the Turkish military operation. And the Turkish armed forces are accused of deliberately targeting prisons for members of the IS and other jihadists. In Ain Issa more than 750 foreign fighters of the IS are said to have fled this way. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] The French newspaper le parisien reports that the inmates of Ain Issa were released as the guards were unable to maintain oversight during the Turkish military operation. [14] The last time such a thing happened was when IS fighters from Raqqa (Syria) were escorted in 2017. [15] [15,youtube]
The Kurds
The starting point for the Kurds is that they want their own state. The Kurds are an ethnic group without a designated state. Its designated region of origin is called Kurdistan and is located in Syria, Iran, Iraq and Turkey. However with the Turkish military operation the Kurdish forces in northern Syria are under increased pressure. And in their plight the Kurds in northern Syria are being forced into an alliance with the Syrian government.The prevailing narrative about the Kurds is that they fought selflessly and without offenses against the IS and other jihadists. Kurdish forces were materially supported by various member states of NATO and personnel by US forces in northern Syria. With the factual establishment of an independent Kurdish state the Kurds in northern Syria have come closer to their goal of a Kurdish state. And the US government plays the role of the guardian of human rights in this narrative. Of course the right to self-determination of peoples applies to the Kurds as well. However it is naive to believe that the US government is acting only selflessly.
In fact Kurdish forces are accused of various crimes. Kurdish forces in Northeastern Syria are accused of ethnic cleansing to secure a Kurdish majority. [17] [18] In addition the Kurdish Armed Forces YPG (Yekineyen Parastina Gel/People's Protection Units) are accused of deliberately recruiting child soldiers. [19]
In addition Syria's few oil wells are located in the Kurdish-controlled part of Syria. Thus about 80% of the Syrian oil wells are not under the control of the Syrian government. The use or revenue from the sale could otherwise support or finance the reconstruction of Syria. [20] [21]
The Turkish Government
Officially the Turkish government and its military mission create a security zone in northern Syria and relocate Syrian refugees from Turkey there. But the motivation of the Turkish government goes beyond that. The factual establishment of an independent Kurdish state goes against the interests of the Turkish government as Turkey also has a Kurdish population in fact the largest Kurdish population. A Kurdistan in a neighboring country of Turkey consequently questions the territorial integrity of Turkey. In addition the Turkish government already considers the PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistane/Kurdistan Workers' Party) to be a terrorist organization and considers the YPG (Yekineyen Parastina Gel/People's Protection Units) as being allied with them. When the Turkish forces leave northern Syria is open regarding the fact that Turkish forces are occupying northern Cyprus since 1974. [1] [2] [3]In addition the Turkish government is under pressure from the approximately 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey. Migration causes more people to compete for limited resources such as jobs, housing and social welfare. And the Turkish government has with the potential relocation of refugees from Turkey to northern Syria the opportunity to reduce domestic tensions.
And as a cover for their military operation the Turkish government has a free rein at least with the threat to let refugees travel to the EU. So far Turkey has served Europe as a barrier for refugees from across the region. However Turkish President Erdogan (AKP) has repeatedly threatened to allow Syrian refugees from Turkey to travel to Europe. [22] [23]
The US-Government and the Governments of the EU
So far the US government has been protecting its territorial and political gains with its occupation of northern Syria. Right before the Turkish military deployment the US government announced to withdraw at least some of its forces from northern Syria. Trump (R) however has campaigned before the presidential elections in 2016 to refuse further military operations. Now he has the opportunity with his actions to implement his campaign promise and to profile himself for the presidential elections in 2020. However it is interesting that often only the Turkish military operation is condemned as being contrary to international law but not the US military operation. [24] [25]Beyond the Trump (R) administration the US government has been involved in the rise and spread of the IS. In late 2017 Operation Timber Sycamore was revealed. Operation Timber Sycamore was a secret operation to support so-called rebels in Syria by the US, Saudi and Qatar governments. Weapons, money and training were provided. While the weapons were manufactured in member states of the EU and the EU remained silent on Operation Timber Sycamore although several of its Member States were involved. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] In addition it became known in September 2019 that the supply of weapons stille takes place in 2019. [31] [32] [33]
On the other hand there is the participation of various European states in the Syria war such as Germany. The project The Day After is a project written by the SWP that provides a blueprint for the change of government in Syria. For this members of the Opposition from Syria met in Berlin (Germany) between January and June 2012 to plan joint action. And the SWP in Berlin is a foundation that advises the German Bundestag, the Federal Government and political decision-makers in Germany on questions of foreign and security policy. The SWP was founded on January 21, 1965 by the Bundestag and is funded by the Federal Government. [34] [34,pdf] [35] [36]
With the withdrawal of its own armed forces and the Turkish military operation the US government leaves a power vacuum and also allows the renewed growth of the IS and other jihadists. The IS and other jihadists are also against the Syrian government. As a result the US government can continue to pursue its old goals with new ways. And the alleged bombardment of its own troops by Turkish forces the US government answers only with possible sanctions. The fact that the US government accepts alleged shelling of its own forces by Turkish forces underlines this assumption. So instead of just criticizing the withdrawal of US forces at least the policy of the previous administration should be taken into account. [37] [38]
Various European countries such as Germany have already participated in Timber Sycamore and The Day After in supporting the IS and other jihadists. Now several European states, such as Germany have announced a stop to arms exports to Turkey. In 2018 arms exports from Germany to Turkey amounted to 242.8 million euros out of a total of 770.8 million euros. And in the first eight months of 2019 arms exports from Germany to Turkey already amounted to 250.4 million euros. [39] [41] [42] And the announced stop of arms exports to Turkey applies only to new approvals and not yet approved deliveries. In fact EU governments continue to refrain from deescalation in Syria. Whether the governments of the Alliance acted against the Syrian government or because of the threat of the Turkish government to let refugees continue to travel is open. [40] [41] [42]
The Syrian Government and its Allies
Syria and its allies Iran and Russia have the same stated goal. The territorial and political integrity of Syria should be restored. A withdrawal of US forces in exchange for Turkish forces is a partial success, if a withdrawal of the Turkish forces is more likely. And the Turkish government is already participating in negotiations with various actors in the Syria war in Astana (Kazakhstan).In addition the Turkish government is attacking the Kurds with their military operation. Thus the Turkish government drives the Kurds into the arms of the Syrian government. And if the Turkish government actually places Syrian refugees in northern Syria it will reduce the Kurdish majority in northern Syria. Thus an independent Kurdistan that also originates from Syrian territory is less likely.
The fact that Iran and Russia allow the Turkish military operation underlines these assumptions. It is less to be feared that the case for the alliance (casus foederis) is caused by by potential firefights between the NATO member state Turkey and Iran or Russia. The case for the alliance (casus foederis) of NATO does not occur, if a NATO member state intervenes on foreign territory.
[1] NEWS - Turkey unleashes offensive against Kurds in northern Syria 2019-10-09
https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-unleashes-offensive-against-kurds-in-northern-syria/a-50758501
[2] Turkey launches ground offensive in northern Syria 2019-10-09
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49983357
[3] Turkey launches offensive against U.S.-allied Kurdish forces in northern Syria 2019-10-09
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/with-turkish-offensive-looming-syrian-kurds-mobilize-civilian-defense/2019/10/09/4efca794-ea02-11e9-a329-7378fbfa1b63_story.html
[4] Abandoned by U.S. in Syria, Kurds Find New Ally in American Foe 2019-10-13
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-turkey-invasion-isis.html
[5] The Latest: Australia says Turkey to blame for IS escapes 2019-10-14
https://www.apnews.com/3a9dfa9e44f24bd79a9dfaa0ff9ee90b
[6] Syrian Christians Fear Persecution During Turkey Offensive 2019-10-13
https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/syrian-christians-fear-persecution-during-turkey-offensive
[7] Turkey steps up Syria offensive against Kurds in spite of Trump's warnings 2019-10-15
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/turkey-syria-offensive-kurds-erdogan-us-president-donald-trump-warning-sanctions-today-2019-10-15/
[8] More than 160,000 have fled northern Syria as Turkish offensive escalates 2019-10-15
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/more-160-000-have-fled-northern-syria-turkish-offensive-continues-n1066196
[9] Bilder der Zerstörung aus einem Dorf bei Dêrik 2019-10-11
https://anfdeutsch.com/rojava-syrien/bilder-der-zerstoerung-aus-einem-dorf-bei-derik-14529
[10] Isis militants break out of prison in Syria after bombing by Turkey 2019-10-11
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-turkey-syria-prison-bombing-kurds-sdf-a9152536.html
[11] 'Almost all suspected ISIS militants' escape Syria camp: SDF 2019-10-13
https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/131020192
[12] At least 750 Isis affiliates escape Syria camp after Turkish shelling 2019-10-13
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/13/kurds-say-785-isis-affiliates-have-escaped-camp-after-turkish-shelling
[13] Analysis: IS attacks in Iraq drop as group focuses on Syria 2019-10-14
https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/c2015olp
[14] «Les Kurdes nous ont dit "sortez, courez !"» : le témoignage de djihadistes françaises 2019-10-14
http://www.leparisien.fr/international/en-syrie-les-kurdes-laissent-s-echapper-des-djihadistes-francaises-14-10-2019-8172942.php
[15] Raqqa’s dirty secret 2017-11-13
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/raqqas_dirty_secret
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4KLrQKJn3c
[17] Amnesty wirft Kurdenkämpfern in Syrien Kriegsverbrechen vor 2015-10-13
https://www.dw.com/de/amnesty-wirft-kurdenk%2525C3%2525A4mpfern-in-syrien-kriegsverbrechen-vor/a-18777962
[18] Syrian Kurds accused of ethnic cleansing and killing opponents 2016-05-18
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/18/syrian-kurds-accused-of-ethnic-cleansing-and-killing-opponents/
[19] Underage girls recruited to Kurdish forces 2018-03-29
https://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8660b34.html
[20] Trump Accuses Syria's Kurds of Selling Oil to Iran Then Vows to Protect Them 2019-01-03
https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/trump-accuses-syria-s-kurds-of-selling-oil-to-iran-then-vows-to-protect-them-1.6806810
[21] Arab Paper Reveals Syrian Kurds' Oil Privilege to Israeli Businessman 2019-07-15
https://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13980424000365
[22] Erdogan: I'll let Syrian refugees leave Turkey for west unless safe zone set up 2019-09-05
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/05/erdogan-ill-let-syrian-refugees-leave-turkey-for-west-unless-safe-zone-set-up
[23] Turkey's Erdogan threatens to send 'millions' of refugees to Europe if EU calls Syria offensive 'invasion' 2019-10-10
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/10/turkeys-erdogan-threatens-send-millions-refugees-europe-eu-calls/
[24] Statement from the Press Secretary 2019-10-06
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-85/
[25] Defense secretary: Trump orders withdrawal of remaining US troops from northern Syria 2019-10-13
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/13/politics/us-troops-syria-turkey/index.html
[26] Waffenexporte - Nahost-Kriege beflügeln bulgarische Rüstungsindustrie 2017-06-14
https://www.mdr.de/heute-im-osten/bulgarien-ruestung-100.html
[27] Behind the Sudden Death of a 1 Billion US-Dollar Secret C.I.A. War in Syria 2017-08-02
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/middleeast/cia-syria-rebel-arm-train-trump.html
[28] US-Waffenlieferungen - Heikle Fracht aus Ramstein 2017-09-12
https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/us-waffenlieferungen-heikle-fracht-aus-ramstein-1.3663289
[29] The Pentagon's 2.2 Billion Soviet Arms Pipeline Flooding Syria 2017-09-12
http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/the-pentagon-s-2-2-billion-soviet-arms-pipeline-flooding-syria-09-12-2017
[30] 350 diplomatic flights carry weapons for terrorists 2019-06-14
http://armswatch.com/350-diplomatic-flights-carry-weapons-for-terrorists/
[31] Islamic State weapons in Yemen traced back to US Government: Serbia files (part 1) 2019-09-01
http://armswatch.com/islamic-state-weapons-in-yemen-traced-back-to-us-government-serbia-files-part-1/
[32] US Task Force Smoking Gun smuggles weapons to Syria: Serbia files (part 2) 2019-09-02
http://armswatch.com/us-task-force-smoking-gun-smuggles-weapons-to-syria-serbia-files-part-2/
[33] Leaked arms dealers’ passports reveal who supplies terrorists in Yemen: Serbia files (Part 3) 2019-09-15
http://armswatch.com/leaked-arms-dealers-passports-reveal-who-supplies-terrorists-in-yemen-serbia-files-part-3/
[34] The Day After. Supporting a Democratic Transition in Syria 2012-08-12
https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/the-day-after-democratic-transition-in-syria/
https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2012C28_TDA.pdf
[35] Syrian Group Envisions Transition From Assad 2012-08-28
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/29/world/europe/syrian-group-envisions-transition-from-assad.html
[36] Concrete Proposals for Democratic Transition - Syrian Opposition Presents Vision for Day After Assad 2012-08-28
https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/syrian-opposition-presents-blueprint-for-shift-to-democracy-a-852602.html
[37] EXCLUSIVE: TURKEY ATTACKS US SPECIAL FORCES IN SYRIA, APPARENTLY BY MISTAKE 2019-10-11
https://www.newsweek.com/us-troops-syria-turkey-1464727
[38] 'We're ready to go at a moment's notice': Treasury Secretary Mnuchin on Turkey sanctions 2019-10-13
https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/ready-moments-notice-secretary-steven-mnuchin-turkey-sanctions/story?id=66230141
[39] Wegen türkischer Offensive - Maas will Waffenexporte einschränken 2019-10-12
https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/waffenexporte-tuerkei-103.html
[40] Trotz Exportstopp - Waffenexporte in Türkei boomen 2019-10-17
https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/waffenexporte-tuerkei-105.html
[41] Rüstungsindustrie : Deutsche Waffenexporte in die Türkei auf höchstem Stand seit 14 Jahren 2019-10-17
https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2019-10/ruestungsindustrie-waffenexporte-tuerkei-hoechster-stand-seit-13-jahren
[42] Rüstungsexporte in die Türkei - Wirtschaftsministerium widerspricht Merkel 2019-10-19
https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Wirtschaftsministerium-widerspricht-Merkel-article21339607.html
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