[Foreign Policy] Old Cards for #Italy - How an alternative Policy in #Italy is undermined 2019-09-12
The Coalition of the Italian Government from MoVimento 5 Stelle and Lega and their internal dispute have come to an end.
And with it ends a government that has been a real alternative in various matters and has successfully challenged prevailing narratives.
And there are indications that there was outside interference to prevent this from happening in the future.
In the beginning the press wrote primarily about the dispute over the train connection Lyon-Turin (Tav). [1] [2] Since then Matteo Salvini (Lega) accused the MoVimento 5 body of not having implemented parts of the coalition agreement. In addition the disagreements between the parties on issues such as migration, defense spending and a cash cap have worsened. [3] [4] The tensions culminated on August 7, when both parties voted differently on the Lyon-Turin (Tav) train connection. Thereupon on August 9, Salvini (Lega) announced to terminate the coalition and demanded new elections. [5] [6]
However on August 20, Giuseppe Conte the non-party prime minister pre-empted him and announced that he would resign. In his speech Conte accused Salvini (Lega) of disrespecting the rules and his colleagues and added that Italy does not need a strong man but people who follow the rules. [7] [8] As a result the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Italian Social Democrats (Partito Democratico/PD) were appointed by non-party President Sergio Mattarella to form a government. And on August 28, MoVimento 5 Stelle and Partito Democratico signed a preliminary coalition agreement after previous disagreements. [9] [10] [11]
[12]
Italy has become one of the main arrival points of the migration crisis since 2015 due to the Mediterranean location and the readiness of previous governments to accept ships with people from Africa. The policy of Italy has therefore a significant influence on the whole situation. During the time of the Lega and MoVimento 5 Stelle a policy of closed borders was pursued.
And the number of people crossing the Mediterranean has fallen from 172,301 in 2017 to 113,482 in 2018. At the same time the number of those who drowned or went missing in the Mediterranean fell from 3,139 in 2017 to 2,262 in 2018. Recent Italian migration policy has achieved a more humanitarian success with the closure of an active preventive system as fewer people have drowned in the Mediterranean. According to this the ships contribute to the drownings by luring people from Africa to the open sea. And conversely an end to this approach does mean that fewer people drown in the sea. [13] [14] [15]
The Department of Information Security (Dipartimento delle Informazioni per la Sicurezza/DIS) underlines this development with its report for the year 2018. According to them the decline is also due to the fact that fewer NGO ships are traveling in the Mediterranean and that Libyan border guards are increasingly protecting the coast. Both developments are essentially supported by the Italian Government. In addition the Department of Security Information (Dipartimento delle Informazioni per la Sicurezza/DIS) assumes that NGO ships behave like human traffickers and may cooperate with but are at least exploit by human traffickers in Africa. [16,p.89] [17]
In order to achieve an economic recovery it is essential that local goods and services are consumed respectively that money is spent. For this a government can either raise taxes for example for high and very high incomes and redistribute. Or a government can borrow money to finance government spending and either sell the government bonds to local credit institutions to make their population the creditors or sell the government bonds to the central bank to make the state itself the creditor. However the prevailing doctrine within the EU, however, provides for a cut in public budget policy and a reduction in sovereign debt (austerity). But this continues to promote the economic downward spiral in Italy.
In addition with the introduction of the euro the exchange rates disappeared and thus the possibility for countries to balance their foreign trade balance. However wage levels and thus inflation have developed very differently in the countries. As a result few countries have created export surpluses and thus accounts receivable and several countries including Italy have built up import surpluses and thus liabilities. [18] [19] [20] In addition the ECB supports companies that lack competitiveness with its zero interest rate policy and the purchase of stocks. This is what many critics call zombification of the economy or monetary socialism. Both also mean that there is no guarantee that higher government spending will ultimately remain in Italy and not go to other euro countries. [21] [22]
On May 28, 2019 the Italian Parliament passed a proposal allowing the government to settle the debts of the Italian State with the local companies by so-called MiniBOTs in small denominations. In addition Italians should be able to settle their tax debts with MiniBOTs. The first criticism was received after the Italian Social Democrats (Partito Democratico/PD) voted in favor of it claiming afterwards that this section had been smuggled in by the Lega only at the last minute. BOT is the abbreviation for "Buoni Ordinari del Tesoro" (treasury note) and are government bonds of the Italian state denominated in Euro which have neither a yield nor a maturity. The face value of the MiniBOTs is 100 euros or even lower which is why they could quickly be used as a comprehensive means of payment. [23] [24]
Interestingly the uprising against the EU and the Euro comes from the right leg and not from the left anymore. The Lega will be able to enforce its project in the long term but probably only with the Movimento 5 Stelle. However should the Lega withdraw their plan then both parties Lega and Movimento 5 Stelle would crash in the elections. [23] [24]
On August 30, La Repubblica published an article claiming that Merkel (CDU) personally intervened to prevent new elections in Italy and thus Salvini (Lega) as prime minister. In fact Salvini and the Lega are at almost 40% in the polls and a majority of the electorate endorses new elections and would accept Salvini (Lega) as prime minister. In addition the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Partito Democratico were previously considered opponents and were for example regarding their attitude towards the euro irreconcilable. The rapprochement between the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Partito Democratico supposedly began on July 16, when Ursula von der Leyen (CDU) was elected with the votes of the MoVimento 5 Stelle as President of the EU-Commission. And the moment when the negotiations between the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Partito Democratico were at a crossroads Merkel (CDU) demanded to form a coalition under all circumstances and to stop Salvini (Lega). [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
At the same time the EU Budget Commissioner Günther Oettinger (CDU) has promised to do everything in his power to make the new Italian government's work easier and reward it with the aim of installing an EU-friendly government in Rome. In fact the Partito Democratico could be an alternative to the Lega as it has already criticized the MiniBOTs as they were launched by the Lega. Thus the new coalition could undermine the previous economic policy as well. [31]
Salvini (Lega) thus contributed to the failure of the previous coalition. This is particularly devastating because they can or could enforce their policies regarding migration and the MiniBOTs thematically and for the required majority only with the Movimento 5 Stelle. Nevertheless Salvini and the Lega have continued to push the Movimento 5 Stelle instead of waiting until the Movimento 5 Stelle has re-gained their previous poll numbers. Salvini and the Lega have either accepted or seeked a reason for new elections rather than patience.
Salvini and the Lega however should not be prematurely dismissed or rejected. Without the office as Minister of the Interior it will be harder for both to gain the approval of the voters. And it is obvious that both have miscalculated and now have to set themselves up again. But both will not give up especially because of their good poll ratings.
Salvini and the Lega have only been expelled from the government but not disappeared. But both will not give up. As a campaign promise for a return it can be suggested that the new coalition exists more against Salvini and the Lega than for a joint project. And in addition the migration policy of closed borders is also advocated among the electorate of the Movimento 5 Stelle with 70% and the entire electorate with 52%. [36] For October 19, Salvini and the Lega have called for major demonstrations. And Salvini and the Lega are additionally strengthened by their high poll numbers and that the government reshuffling offers them the role of the martyr. [32] [33] [34] [35]
[1] Defiant Salvini Says Time May Be Running Out on Italy Government 2019-08-07
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-07/defiant-salvini-hints-time-is-almost-up-for-italy-s-government
[2] Italian coalition fight over Lyon-Turin high speed train 2019-08-07
https://euobserver.com/tickers/145609
[3] Lega-Movimento 5 Stelle: divisioni e differenze 2019-08-03
https://www.panorama.it/news/politica/lega-movimento-5-stelle-divisioni-differenze-polemiche/
[4] Tav, la maggioranza si spacca. La Lega: "Ci saranno conseguenze" 2019-08-07
http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/tav-bocciata-mozione-m5s-e-maggioranza-si-spacca-1737489.html
[5] Italy's Salvini says government is finished, wants elections 2019-08-08
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-politics-crisis/italys-salvini-says-government-is-finished-wants-elections-idUKKCN1UY2G0
[6] Italy government crisis: Salvini calls for snap election 2019-08-09
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49287219
[7] Italian prime minister Conte resigns 2019-08-20
https://euobserver.com/tickers/145690
[8] Italy government crisis: PM Conte quits amid coalition row 2019-08-20
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49411760
[9] Italy's Five Star reaches deal with Democratic Party to form new government 2019-08-28
https://www.france24.com/en/20190828-italy-five-star-reaches-deal-democrat-pd-conte-new-government
[10] Italy's president gives Conte green light to form new government 2019-08-29
http://feeds.reuters.com/~r/Reuters/UKTopNews/~3/IAKvSRXwTVQ/italys-conte-gets-green-light-to-form-new-government-idUKKCN1VJ0LW
[11] Mattarella gives Conte mandate 2019-08-29
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2019/08/29/mattarella-gives-conte-mandate_de5c7f54-978c-4ac7-88e8-bae156d12cba.html
[12] people trafficking 2016-03-12
https://youtu.be/TbIc1LZqIAw
[13] 94 Prozent weniger Migranten in Italien eingetroffen 2019-03-18
https://derstandard.at/2000099728659/94-Prozent-weniger-Migranten-in-Italien-eingetroffen?ref=article
[14] Italy rejects record number of asylum applications 2019-02-14
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/italy-rejects-record-number-of-asylum-applications
[15] Migration: Weniger Flüchtlinge im Mittelmeer ertrunken 2019-01-03
https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2019-01/migration-fluechtlinge-mittelmeer-gestorben-gesamtzahl-un-fluechtlingshilfswerk
[16] RELAZIONE SULLA POLITICA DELL’INFORMAZIONE PER LA SICUREZZA 2018
https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/sisr.nsf/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Relazione-2018.pdf
[17] Servizi segreti: “Riduzione navi Ong duro colpo per i trafficanti” 2019-02-28
https://www.ilprimatonazionale.it/politica/servizi-segreti-riduzione-navi-ong-duro-colpo-per-i-trafficanti-106391/ [18] What is the trade balance for Italy? (1995-2017)
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/line/hs92/show/ita/all/all/1995.2017/
[19] Where does Italy import from? (2017)
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/ita/show/all/2017/
[20] Where does Germany export to? (2017)
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/deu/show/all/2017/
[21] WIRTSCHAFT, HANDEL & FINANZEN - ROUNDUP/Aktien Europa Schluss: Die EZB enttäuscht die Anleger 2019-06-06
https://www.handelsblatt.com/dpa/wirtschaft-handel-und-finanzen-roundup-aktien-europa-schluss-die-ezb-enttaeuscht-die-anleger/24433098.html
[22] ROUNDUP/Aktien Europa Schluss: Die EZB enttäuscht die Anleger 2019-06-06
https://www.t-online.de/finanzen/boerse/id_51922248/isin_48263291/roundup-aktien-europa-schluss-die-ezb-enttaeuscht-die-anleger.html
[23] Euro-Austritt durch die Hintertür in Italien? 2019-06-03
https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/international/matteo-salvini-riskiert-euro-austritt-italiens-ld.1124231
[24] GELDPOLITIK - Bekommt Italien mit sogenannten „Mini-Bots“ eine Parallelwährung? 2019-06-05
https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/geldpolitik-bekommt-italien-mit-sogenannten-mini-bots-eine-parallelwaehrung/24422170.html [25] WENN VERRÄTER SICH VERRATEN 2019-08-11
https://youtu.be/3rw67VMfRTI
https://youtu.be/n457tgzuxs8
[26] Sondaggio GPF – Salvini, Premier o Re? 2019-08-10
https://sondaggibidimedia.com/gpf-salvini-premier-re/
[27] Sondaggio Ipsos (8 agosto 2019) 2019-08-08
https://scenaripolitici.com/2019/08/sondaggio-ipsos-8-agosto-2019.html
[28] In calo il gradimento di Salvini, prevale chi chiede un governo 2019-08-28
https://www.corriere.it/politica/19_agosto_28/10-politico-a6vvccxvcorriere-web-sezioni-ab54d234-c903-11e9-b39f-233f79d70722.shtml
[29] Zingaretti basito annulla gli incontri. Conte lo rassicura: “Il diktat non passa” 2019-08-30
https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2019/08/30/news/pd_giuseppe_conte_nicola_zingaretti_governo_m5s-234754909/
[30] La telefonata della Merkel al Pd: "Il Conte bis va fatto a ogni costo" 2019-09-01
http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/telefonata-merkel-pd-conte-bis-va-fatto-ogni-costo-1746461.html
[31] Günther Oettinger (CDU): „Alles tun, um der italienischen neuen Regierung Arbeit zu erleichtern“ 2019-08-29
https://www.swr.de/swr2/leben-und-gesellschaft/Guenther-Oettinger-CDU-Alles-tun-um-der-italienischen-neuen-Regierung-Arbeit-zu-erleichtern,av-o1148271-100.html
[32] Salvini annuncia una grande manifestazione a Roma per il 19 ottobre 2019-08-29
https://www.agi.it/politica/salvini_piazza_manifestazione_ottobre-6102897/news/2019-08-29/
[33] Salvini calls for 'big demonstration' in Rome 2019-08-29
https://euobserver.com/tickers/145772
[34] Salvini kündigt Widerstand gegen neue Regierung in Rom an 2019-08-29
https://orf.at/stories/3135396/
[35] Italien - Salvini ruft zu Großdemo auf 2019-08-29
http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/italien-regierung-137.html
[36] Caso Sea Watch 3 2019-07-02
http://www.swg.it/politicapp?id=qfzn
In the beginning the press wrote primarily about the dispute over the train connection Lyon-Turin (Tav). [1] [2] Since then Matteo Salvini (Lega) accused the MoVimento 5 body of not having implemented parts of the coalition agreement. In addition the disagreements between the parties on issues such as migration, defense spending and a cash cap have worsened. [3] [4] The tensions culminated on August 7, when both parties voted differently on the Lyon-Turin (Tav) train connection. Thereupon on August 9, Salvini (Lega) announced to terminate the coalition and demanded new elections. [5] [6]
However on August 20, Giuseppe Conte the non-party prime minister pre-empted him and announced that he would resign. In his speech Conte accused Salvini (Lega) of disrespecting the rules and his colleagues and added that Italy does not need a strong man but people who follow the rules. [7] [8] As a result the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Italian Social Democrats (Partito Democratico/PD) were appointed by non-party President Sergio Mattarella to form a government. And on August 28, MoVimento 5 Stelle and Partito Democratico signed a preliminary coalition agreement after previous disagreements. [9] [10] [11]
Migration
Ships regularly request access to Italian ports to land people picked up in the Mediterranean. And it is still questionable why these ships do not drive people to the nearby coast, if they do not collect people directly in the Mediterranean but directly off the coast. Thus these ships behave effectively like human smugglers. And it begs the question of how many people were lured into certain death by this behavior because they ran out of water, food or fuel on the open sea. The shortest route from the Libyan coast to the Italian island of Lampedusa is over 200 km (125 miles) and can not be found without a location system and the next route from the Libyan coast to the Sicilian coast is over 500 km (300 miles) and is out of reach due to an inevitable shortage of water, food and fuel even for a middle boat.[12]
Italy has become one of the main arrival points of the migration crisis since 2015 due to the Mediterranean location and the readiness of previous governments to accept ships with people from Africa. The policy of Italy has therefore a significant influence on the whole situation. During the time of the Lega and MoVimento 5 Stelle a policy of closed borders was pursued.
And the number of people crossing the Mediterranean has fallen from 172,301 in 2017 to 113,482 in 2018. At the same time the number of those who drowned or went missing in the Mediterranean fell from 3,139 in 2017 to 2,262 in 2018. Recent Italian migration policy has achieved a more humanitarian success with the closure of an active preventive system as fewer people have drowned in the Mediterranean. According to this the ships contribute to the drownings by luring people from Africa to the open sea. And conversely an end to this approach does mean that fewer people drown in the sea. [13] [14] [15]
The Department of Information Security (Dipartimento delle Informazioni per la Sicurezza/DIS) underlines this development with its report for the year 2018. According to them the decline is also due to the fact that fewer NGO ships are traveling in the Mediterranean and that Libyan border guards are increasingly protecting the coast. Both developments are essentially supported by the Italian Government. In addition the Department of Security Information (Dipartimento delle Informazioni per la Sicurezza/DIS) assumes that NGO ships behave like human traffickers and may cooperate with but are at least exploit by human traffickers in Africa. [16,p.89] [17]
Euro
Politicians, journalists and economists who appear in public seem to agree that the problem of the Italian economy is solely its public debt and that this can only be solved if the Italian government exemplary and well-behaved reduces its public debt. In fact Italy has a public-debt of over 130% relative to its gross domestic product although EU rules only allow a maximum of 60%. And economic growth as in most EU Member States with the euro very low.In order to achieve an economic recovery it is essential that local goods and services are consumed respectively that money is spent. For this a government can either raise taxes for example for high and very high incomes and redistribute. Or a government can borrow money to finance government spending and either sell the government bonds to local credit institutions to make their population the creditors or sell the government bonds to the central bank to make the state itself the creditor. However the prevailing doctrine within the EU, however, provides for a cut in public budget policy and a reduction in sovereign debt (austerity). But this continues to promote the economic downward spiral in Italy.
In addition with the introduction of the euro the exchange rates disappeared and thus the possibility for countries to balance their foreign trade balance. However wage levels and thus inflation have developed very differently in the countries. As a result few countries have created export surpluses and thus accounts receivable and several countries including Italy have built up import surpluses and thus liabilities. [18] [19] [20] In addition the ECB supports companies that lack competitiveness with its zero interest rate policy and the purchase of stocks. This is what many critics call zombification of the economy or monetary socialism. Both also mean that there is no guarantee that higher government spending will ultimately remain in Italy and not go to other euro countries. [21] [22]
On May 28, 2019 the Italian Parliament passed a proposal allowing the government to settle the debts of the Italian State with the local companies by so-called MiniBOTs in small denominations. In addition Italians should be able to settle their tax debts with MiniBOTs. The first criticism was received after the Italian Social Democrats (Partito Democratico/PD) voted in favor of it claiming afterwards that this section had been smuggled in by the Lega only at the last minute. BOT is the abbreviation for "Buoni Ordinari del Tesoro" (treasury note) and are government bonds of the Italian state denominated in Euro which have neither a yield nor a maturity. The face value of the MiniBOTs is 100 euros or even lower which is why they could quickly be used as a comprehensive means of payment. [23] [24]
Interestingly the uprising against the EU and the Euro comes from the right leg and not from the left anymore. The Lega will be able to enforce its project in the long term but probably only with the Movimento 5 Stelle. However should the Lega withdraw their plan then both parties Lega and Movimento 5 Stelle would crash in the elections. [23] [24]
The Alliance with the German Government
Already in January 2019 at the World Economic Forum in Davos (Switzerland) there was an informal agreement with the German Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU) and Conte. In it Conte explains that the MoVimento 5 Stelle suffers from declining poll numbers from 33% to 26-27% while the Lega has risen in the polls from 17% to 35-36%. In addition Conte lamented the policy of closed ports that Salvini (Lega) pursued as Minister of the Interior. Thus the new coalition could undermine the previous migration policy. [25] [25,alt]On August 30, La Repubblica published an article claiming that Merkel (CDU) personally intervened to prevent new elections in Italy and thus Salvini (Lega) as prime minister. In fact Salvini and the Lega are at almost 40% in the polls and a majority of the electorate endorses new elections and would accept Salvini (Lega) as prime minister. In addition the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Partito Democratico were previously considered opponents and were for example regarding their attitude towards the euro irreconcilable. The rapprochement between the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Partito Democratico supposedly began on July 16, when Ursula von der Leyen (CDU) was elected with the votes of the MoVimento 5 Stelle as President of the EU-Commission. And the moment when the negotiations between the MoVimento 5 Stelle and the Partito Democratico were at a crossroads Merkel (CDU) demanded to form a coalition under all circumstances and to stop Salvini (Lega). [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
At the same time the EU Budget Commissioner Günther Oettinger (CDU) has promised to do everything in his power to make the new Italian government's work easier and reward it with the aim of installing an EU-friendly government in Rome. In fact the Partito Democratico could be an alternative to the Lega as it has already criticized the MiniBOTs as they were launched by the Lega. Thus the new coalition could undermine the previous economic policy as well. [31]
Salvini's Hybris
However the failure of the previous coalition in Italy can not be reduced to external factors. Salvini (Lega) wanted to renounce the coalition and called for new elections as the poll numbers were particularly favorable. The motivation is obvious. But the plan failed.Salvini (Lega) thus contributed to the failure of the previous coalition. This is particularly devastating because they can or could enforce their policies regarding migration and the MiniBOTs thematically and for the required majority only with the Movimento 5 Stelle. Nevertheless Salvini and the Lega have continued to push the Movimento 5 Stelle instead of waiting until the Movimento 5 Stelle has re-gained their previous poll numbers. Salvini and the Lega have either accepted or seeked a reason for new elections rather than patience.
Salvini and the Lega however should not be prematurely dismissed or rejected. Without the office as Minister of the Interior it will be harder for both to gain the approval of the voters. And it is obvious that both have miscalculated and now have to set themselves up again. But both will not give up especially because of their good poll ratings.
Conclusion
Regardless of how one judges the parties that are playing a role in here such a behaviour should be condemned. When a government intervenes in the internal affairs of another state it undermines the self-determination of a country. And the arrogance of at least Salvini should be a warning to others as well. Such a dynamic could hit another party from another part of the political spectrum as well, when it questions the prevailing conditions.Salvini and the Lega have only been expelled from the government but not disappeared. But both will not give up. As a campaign promise for a return it can be suggested that the new coalition exists more against Salvini and the Lega than for a joint project. And in addition the migration policy of closed borders is also advocated among the electorate of the Movimento 5 Stelle with 70% and the entire electorate with 52%. [36] For October 19, Salvini and the Lega have called for major demonstrations. And Salvini and the Lega are additionally strengthened by their high poll numbers and that the government reshuffling offers them the role of the martyr. [32] [33] [34] [35]
[1] Defiant Salvini Says Time May Be Running Out on Italy Government 2019-08-07
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-07/defiant-salvini-hints-time-is-almost-up-for-italy-s-government
[2] Italian coalition fight over Lyon-Turin high speed train 2019-08-07
https://euobserver.com/tickers/145609
[3] Lega-Movimento 5 Stelle: divisioni e differenze 2019-08-03
https://www.panorama.it/news/politica/lega-movimento-5-stelle-divisioni-differenze-polemiche/
[4] Tav, la maggioranza si spacca. La Lega: "Ci saranno conseguenze" 2019-08-07
http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/tav-bocciata-mozione-m5s-e-maggioranza-si-spacca-1737489.html
[5] Italy's Salvini says government is finished, wants elections 2019-08-08
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-politics-crisis/italys-salvini-says-government-is-finished-wants-elections-idUKKCN1UY2G0
[6] Italy government crisis: Salvini calls for snap election 2019-08-09
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49287219
[7] Italian prime minister Conte resigns 2019-08-20
https://euobserver.com/tickers/145690
[8] Italy government crisis: PM Conte quits amid coalition row 2019-08-20
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49411760
[9] Italy's Five Star reaches deal with Democratic Party to form new government 2019-08-28
https://www.france24.com/en/20190828-italy-five-star-reaches-deal-democrat-pd-conte-new-government
[10] Italy's president gives Conte green light to form new government 2019-08-29
http://feeds.reuters.com/~r/Reuters/UKTopNews/~3/IAKvSRXwTVQ/italys-conte-gets-green-light-to-form-new-government-idUKKCN1VJ0LW
[11] Mattarella gives Conte mandate 2019-08-29
http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2019/08/29/mattarella-gives-conte-mandate_de5c7f54-978c-4ac7-88e8-bae156d12cba.html
[12] people trafficking 2016-03-12
https://youtu.be/TbIc1LZqIAw
[13] 94 Prozent weniger Migranten in Italien eingetroffen 2019-03-18
https://derstandard.at/2000099728659/94-Prozent-weniger-Migranten-in-Italien-eingetroffen?ref=article
[14] Italy rejects record number of asylum applications 2019-02-14
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/14/italy-rejects-record-number-of-asylum-applications
[15] Migration: Weniger Flüchtlinge im Mittelmeer ertrunken 2019-01-03
https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2019-01/migration-fluechtlinge-mittelmeer-gestorben-gesamtzahl-un-fluechtlingshilfswerk
[16] RELAZIONE SULLA POLITICA DELL’INFORMAZIONE PER LA SICUREZZA 2018
https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/sisr.nsf/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Relazione-2018.pdf
[17] Servizi segreti: “Riduzione navi Ong duro colpo per i trafficanti” 2019-02-28
https://www.ilprimatonazionale.it/politica/servizi-segreti-riduzione-navi-ong-duro-colpo-per-i-trafficanti-106391/ [18] What is the trade balance for Italy? (1995-2017)
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/line/hs92/show/ita/all/all/1995.2017/
[19] Where does Italy import from? (2017)
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/ita/show/all/2017/
[20] Where does Germany export to? (2017)
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/deu/show/all/2017/
[21] WIRTSCHAFT, HANDEL & FINANZEN - ROUNDUP/Aktien Europa Schluss: Die EZB enttäuscht die Anleger 2019-06-06
https://www.handelsblatt.com/dpa/wirtschaft-handel-und-finanzen-roundup-aktien-europa-schluss-die-ezb-enttaeuscht-die-anleger/24433098.html
[22] ROUNDUP/Aktien Europa Schluss: Die EZB enttäuscht die Anleger 2019-06-06
https://www.t-online.de/finanzen/boerse/id_51922248/isin_48263291/roundup-aktien-europa-schluss-die-ezb-enttaeuscht-die-anleger.html
[23] Euro-Austritt durch die Hintertür in Italien? 2019-06-03
https://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/international/matteo-salvini-riskiert-euro-austritt-italiens-ld.1124231
[24] GELDPOLITIK - Bekommt Italien mit sogenannten „Mini-Bots“ eine Parallelwährung? 2019-06-05
https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/geldpolitik-bekommt-italien-mit-sogenannten-mini-bots-eine-parallelwaehrung/24422170.html [25] WENN VERRÄTER SICH VERRATEN 2019-08-11
https://youtu.be/3rw67VMfRTI
https://youtu.be/n457tgzuxs8
[26] Sondaggio GPF – Salvini, Premier o Re? 2019-08-10
https://sondaggibidimedia.com/gpf-salvini-premier-re/
[27] Sondaggio Ipsos (8 agosto 2019) 2019-08-08
https://scenaripolitici.com/2019/08/sondaggio-ipsos-8-agosto-2019.html
[28] In calo il gradimento di Salvini, prevale chi chiede un governo 2019-08-28
https://www.corriere.it/politica/19_agosto_28/10-politico-a6vvccxvcorriere-web-sezioni-ab54d234-c903-11e9-b39f-233f79d70722.shtml
[29] Zingaretti basito annulla gli incontri. Conte lo rassicura: “Il diktat non passa” 2019-08-30
https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2019/08/30/news/pd_giuseppe_conte_nicola_zingaretti_governo_m5s-234754909/
[30] La telefonata della Merkel al Pd: "Il Conte bis va fatto a ogni costo" 2019-09-01
http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/telefonata-merkel-pd-conte-bis-va-fatto-ogni-costo-1746461.html
[31] Günther Oettinger (CDU): „Alles tun, um der italienischen neuen Regierung Arbeit zu erleichtern“ 2019-08-29
https://www.swr.de/swr2/leben-und-gesellschaft/Guenther-Oettinger-CDU-Alles-tun-um-der-italienischen-neuen-Regierung-Arbeit-zu-erleichtern,av-o1148271-100.html
[32] Salvini annuncia una grande manifestazione a Roma per il 19 ottobre 2019-08-29
https://www.agi.it/politica/salvini_piazza_manifestazione_ottobre-6102897/news/2019-08-29/
[33] Salvini calls for 'big demonstration' in Rome 2019-08-29
https://euobserver.com/tickers/145772
[34] Salvini kündigt Widerstand gegen neue Regierung in Rom an 2019-08-29
https://orf.at/stories/3135396/
[35] Italien - Salvini ruft zu Großdemo auf 2019-08-29
http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/italien-regierung-137.html
[36] Caso Sea Watch 3 2019-07-02
http://www.swg.it/politicapp?id=qfzn
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