Together with Iran several sensational events took place in 2019.
Several ships were damaged or confiscated and drones were shot down.
At the same time people are easily placed in position and against or in favor of Iran.
However neither the geographic location nor the legal situation should be omitted.
The governments of the US and Saudi Arabia accused Iran of being responsible. [4] [5] However the Iranian government has denied any involvement. And a survey conducted by the Emirates found that the damage was caused by a sophisticated and coordinated operation by divers with limpet mines. [5] [6] However the owner of the Norwegian ship has previously objected to the reports. According to the owner of the Norwegian ship it was hit by a flying object. [1] [2] [3]
The US government accused Iran of being responsible and published a video the same day. [7] [11] On the video a ten-member team from a patrol boat removes an object from a ship's wall. And according to the US government it is a Revolutionary Guards team (IRGC) that removed a limpet mines and the Kokuka Courageous tanker damaged on June 13, 2019. In addition the two holes in the ship's wall of Kokuka Courageous to have been caused by two more iranian limpet mines. [10] In addition during the events on June 13, a first US drone was shot down by Iranian forces. [12] [13]
The shipping company of Kokuka Courageous however has contradicted the reports as the owner of the Norwegian ship from May. And according to the Kokuka Courageous shipping company the ship was struck by a flying object like the Norwegian ship in May. It is also interesting that the two holes in the ship's wall of the Kokuka Courageous are above the waterline. However there is no explanation as to why someone should put in limpet mines out of the water but above the waterline and torpedoes hit ships below the waterline. [8] [9] [14]
After the launch of the drone it was announced that President Trump (R) personally canceled an attack. According to official figures Trump (R) is said to have approved several Iranian targets such as radar stations and rocket batteries. But Trump (R) is said to have retreated after meeting with members of Congress. Whether Trump (R) has reconsidered the decision, just wanted to give the impression to be ready for an attack or whether the US forces have acted independently remains open. [19] [20] [21] [22]
On July 19, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards seized British tanker Stena Impero in Iranian territorial waters. According to the Iranian government and the images they have published the Stena Impero has rammed a fishing boat and injured several fishermen. Then the Stena Impero turned off its own transponder and tried to escape. [29] [30]
And on 4 August the Iranian Revolutionary Guards seized another tanker near the island of Farsi in the north of the Persian Gulf. According to them the tanker smuggled 700,000 liters of fuel for several Arab states. [31] [32] [33] Initially the Iranian news agency IRNA had reported that the tanker was the Iraqi ship Hita. But the Iraqi government denied any connection with the seized tanker. Thus the legal situation is unclear until further notice. [34] [35] [36]
The seizure of the Iranian tanker on the Strait of Gibraltar therefore lacks a legal basis. And the confiscation of the British tanker Stena Impero is covered because it has rammed a fishing boat. [37,p.31,Art.19] Nevertheless according to UNCLOS the Iranian government can temporarily restrict shipping traffic, if this is necessary for maintaining its safety. [37,p.36,Art.37] [37,p.33,Art.25]
[1] Four ships 'sabotaged' in the Gulf of Oman amid tensions 2019-05-13
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48245204
[2] Saudi oil tankers among those attacked off UAE amid Iran tensions 2019-05-13
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-oil-tankers-fujairah/saudi-arabia-says-its-oil-tankers-among-those-hit-off-uae-coast-idUSKCN1SJ088
[3] Two Saudi oil tankers, Norwegian ship apparently attacked near the Persian Gulf amid rising Iran tensions 2019-05-13
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/two-saudi-oil-tankers-attacked-in-the-persian-gulf-amid-rising-iran-tensions/2019/05/13/c8907108-755e-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html
[4] Iran directly behind tanker attacks off UAE coast, US says 2019-05-26
https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/iran-directly-behind-tanker-attacks-off-uae-coast-us-says-1.64179304
[5] Initial findings on Gulf tanker attacks point to a 'state actor' but Iran not mentioned by name 2019-06-07
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/06/middleeast/uae-saudi-oil-tankers-intl/index.html
[6] 'State actor' likely to blame in Fujairah tanker attacks, report says 2019-06-07
https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/state-actor-likely-to-blame-in-fujairah-tanker-attacks-report-says-1.871530
[7] US blames Iran for attacks on tankers in Gulf of Oman 2019-06-13
https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-fifth-fleet-says-received-distress-calls-two-ships-attacked-sea-oman
[8] Gulf of Oman tanker attacks: US says video shows Iran removing mine 2019-06-14
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48633016
[9] Gulf of Oman tanker attacks: What we know 2019-06-18
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48627014
[10] Unexploded Limpet Mine Removed from M/T Kokuka Courageous in the Gulf of Oman 2019-06-13
https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/VIDEO-AND-IMAGERY/VIDEOS/videoid/689676/dvpcc/false/#DVIDSVideoPlayer1276
[11] Pompeo Says 'There's No Doubt' Iran Attacked 2 Tankers 2019-06-19
https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/16/733228551/pompeo-says-there-s-no-doubt-iran-attacked-two-tankers
[12] Iran Fired Missile at US Drone Prior to Tanker Attacks: Defense Official 2019-06-14
https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/06/14/iran-fired-missile-us-drone-prior-tanker-attacks-defense-official.html
[13] Pentagon accuses Iran of shooting missiles at U.S. drones 2019-06-16
https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-iran-drone-attack-20190616-story.html
[14] Japanese Tanker Owner Denies Ship Hit By Mine, Says Crew Saw "Flying Objects" Before Attack 2019-06-14
https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20190614_36/
[15] U.S. drone shot down by Iran in international space, U.S. officials say 2019-06-20
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/military-official-says-no-u-s-drones-iranian-airspace-after-n1019566
[16] Trump says hard to believe Iranian shooting down of U.S. drone was intentional 2019-06-20
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-iran-usa/iran-shoots-down-u-s-military-drone-in-gulf-region-idUKKCN1TL07U
[17] US refutes reports on reconnaissance drone allegedly being shot down over Iran 2019-06-20
https://tass.com/world/1064637
[18] Strait of Hormuz: US confirms drone shot down by Iran 2019-06-20
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48700965
[19] Strikes on Iran Approved by Trump, Then Abruptly Pulled Back 2019-06-20
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/20/world/middleeast/iran-us-drone.html
[20] NEWS - US 'approved strikes on Iran,' then suddenly called them off 2019-06-21
https://www.dw.com/en/us-approved-strikes-on-iran-then-suddenly-called-them-off/a-49289269
[21] News Daily: Trump's Iran air strikes U-turn, and minister accused of assault 2019-06-21
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48704363
[22] Middle East - ‘We were cocked & loaded’: Trump’s account of Iran attack plan facing scrutiny 2019-06-21
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-shoots-down-us-naval-drone-in-persian-gulf-region-officials/2019/06/20/88f6dc52-9328-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.a2e74c1f8f6b
[23] Donald J. Trump: Iran leadership doesn’t understand the words “nice” or “compassion,” they never have. Sadly, the thing they do understand is Strength and Power, and the USA is by far the most powerful Military Force in the world, with 1.5 Trillion Dollars invested over the last two years alone.. 2019-06-25
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1143529903238893568
[24] Donald J. Trump: ....The wonderful Iranian people are suffering, and for no reason at all. Their leadership spends all of its money on Terror, and little on anything else. The U.S. has not forgotten Iran’s use of IED’s & EFP’s (bombs), which killed 2000 Americans, and wounded many more... 2019-06-25
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1143529905323479041
[25] Donald J. Trump: ....Iran’s very ignorant and insulting statement, put out today, only shows that they do not understand reality. Any attack by Iran on anything American will be met with great and overwhelming force. In some areas, overwhelming will mean obliteration. No more John Kerry & Obama! 2019-06-25
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1143529907403788288
[26] Gibraltar Seizes Syria-Bound Tanker Thought to Be Carrying Iranian Oil 2019-07-04
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/04/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-gibraltar-syria-iran.html
[27] Business - Iran Says Seized Oil Tanker in Gibraltar Wasn't Sailing to Syria 2019-07-07
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-07/iran-says-seized-oil-tanker-in-gibraltar-wasn-t-sailing-to-syria
[28] Gibraltar extends detention of Iranian tanker for a month 2019-07-19
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-tanker-gibraltar-idUSKCN1UE16I
[29] Iran tanker seizure: Images of captured British-flagged crew released 2019-07-22
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49074032
[30] Politics - Seized Ship Riah's Charterer Denies Iran Fuel-Smuggling Rap 2019-07-22
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-22/seized-ship-riah-s-charterer-denies-iran-s-fuel-smuggling-claim
[31] Iran seizes Iraqi oil tanker smuggling fuel in Gulf: TV 2019-08-04
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-iran-tanker/iran-seizes-a-foreign-oil-tanker-in-gulf-smuggling-fuel-to-some-arab-states-tv-idUSKCN1UU08Y
[32] Iran beschlagnahmt erneut ausländischen Tanker 2019-08-04
https://orf.at/stories/3132577/
[33] Iran 'seizes Iraqi tanker in Gulf for smuggling fuel' 2019-08-05
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49225916
[34] PERSISCHER GOLF - Irak bestreitet Verbindungen zu beschlagnahmtem Öltanker 2019-08-05
https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000107035189/iran-beschlagnahmte-abermals-auslaendischen-oeltanker
[35] Iran setzt Tanker fest: Verwirrung um Herkunft des Schiffes 2019-08-05
https://www.faz.net/agenturmeldungen/dpa/iran-setzt-tanker-fest-verwirrung-um-herkunft-des-schiffes-16318514.html
[36] Iran Seizes Iraqi Vessel In The Gulf 2019-08-05
https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Iran-Seizes-Iraqi-Vessel-In-The-Gulf.html
[37] United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm
https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf
The Bombing in May
On May 12, 2019 four ships were damaged in the Gulf of Oman off the Strait of Hormuz. The four ships were registered in the Emirates bunker ship, two registered in Saudi Arabia and registered in Norway oil tanker. All ships were in the port of Fujairah (UAE) during the incident. [1] [2] [3]The governments of the US and Saudi Arabia accused Iran of being responsible. [4] [5] However the Iranian government has denied any involvement. And a survey conducted by the Emirates found that the damage was caused by a sophisticated and coordinated operation by divers with limpet mines. [5] [6] However the owner of the Norwegian ship has previously objected to the reports. According to the owner of the Norwegian ship it was hit by a flying object. [1] [2] [3]
The Bombing in June
On June 13, 2019 two tankers were damaged as well in the Gulf of Oman off the Strait of Hormuz. The tankers are the Altair with the flag from the Marshall Islands and tankers are the Kokuka Courageous with the flag from Panama. Here the 44 crew members of both tankers were rescued by the Iranian Navy. The Iranian government accused the US government of posing a serious threat to the stability in the Middle East without however addressing the events directly. [7] [8] [9]The US government accused Iran of being responsible and published a video the same day. [7] [11] On the video a ten-member team from a patrol boat removes an object from a ship's wall. And according to the US government it is a Revolutionary Guards team (IRGC) that removed a limpet mines and the Kokuka Courageous tanker damaged on June 13, 2019. In addition the two holes in the ship's wall of Kokuka Courageous to have been caused by two more iranian limpet mines. [10] In addition during the events on June 13, a first US drone was shot down by Iranian forces. [12] [13]
The shipping company of Kokuka Courageous however has contradicted the reports as the owner of the Norwegian ship from May. And according to the Kokuka Courageous shipping company the ship was struck by a flying object like the Norwegian ship in May. It is also interesting that the two holes in the ship's wall of the Kokuka Courageous are above the waterline. However there is no explanation as to why someone should put in limpet mines out of the water but above the waterline and torpedoes hit ships below the waterline. [8] [9] [14]
The Drones
On June 20, Iranian forces shot down a second US drone. According to the Iranian government this US drone has violated the Iranian airspace in Hormozgan province. [15] [16] Initially the US government denied the drone being shot down. A short time later the US government confirmed the launch but claimed that the drone was in international airspace. [15] [17] [18]After the launch of the drone it was announced that President Trump (R) personally canceled an attack. According to official figures Trump (R) is said to have approved several Iranian targets such as radar stations and rocket batteries. But Trump (R) is said to have retreated after meeting with members of Congress. Whether Trump (R) has reconsidered the decision, just wanted to give the impression to be ready for an attack or whether the US forces have acted independently remains open. [19] [20] [21] [22]
Iran leadership doesn’t understand the words “nice” or “compassion,” they never have. Sadly, the thing they do understand is Strength and Power, and the USA is by far the most powerful Military Force in the world, with 1.5 Trillion Dollars invested over the last two years alone. The wonderful Iranian people are suffering, and for no reason at all. Their leadership spends all of its money on Terror, and little on anything else. The U.S. has not forgotten Iran’s use of IED’s & EFP’s (bombs), which killed 2000 Americans, and wounded many more Iran’s very ignorant and insulting statement, put out today, only shows that they do not understand reality. Any attack by Iran on anything American will be met with great and overwhelming force. In some areas, overwhelming will mean obliteration. No more John Kerry & Obama!
Donald J. Trump, 25. Juni 2019 Donald J. Trump, June 25, 2019 [23] [24] [25]
The Tanker
Since July 2019, a dispute over various tankers escalates with Iran. This crisis began with the seizure of Iranian tanker Grace 1 with 2 million barrels of crude oil by British authorities off Gibraltar. The UK Government justifies its actions by saying that the crude oil is destined for Syria and would therefore violate sanctions but without providing evidence. The Iranian government confirmed that the information about Grace 1 except denying that the crude oil is destined for Syria. [26] [27] [28]On July 19, the Iranian Revolutionary Guards seized British tanker Stena Impero in Iranian territorial waters. According to the Iranian government and the images they have published the Stena Impero has rammed a fishing boat and injured several fishermen. Then the Stena Impero turned off its own transponder and tried to escape. [29] [30]
And on 4 August the Iranian Revolutionary Guards seized another tanker near the island of Farsi in the north of the Persian Gulf. According to them the tanker smuggled 700,000 liters of fuel for several Arab states. [31] [32] [33] Initially the Iranian news agency IRNA had reported that the tanker was the Iraqi ship Hita. But the Iraqi government denied any connection with the seized tanker. Thus the legal situation is unclear until further notice. [34] [35] [36]
The legal Situation for Tankers
According to UNCLOS a waterway must be at least 24 nautical miles plus 6 nautical miles wide for movements. The signing of UNCLOS grants members the right to use waterways for civilian and military vessels as long as they are not endangering the peace, order and security of the coastal state. At its narrowest point the Strait of Gibraltar is 7.6 nautical miles (14 km) and the Strait of Hormuz 29.7 nautical miles (55 km) wide. In the Strait of Gibraltar therefore the territorial waters of the neighboring states border each other and in the Strait of Hormuz there is enough space for a waterway in accordance to UNCLOS. [37,p.31,Art.19]The seizure of the Iranian tanker on the Strait of Gibraltar therefore lacks a legal basis. And the confiscation of the British tanker Stena Impero is covered because it has rammed a fishing boat. [37,p.31,Art.19] Nevertheless according to UNCLOS the Iranian government can temporarily restrict shipping traffic, if this is necessary for maintaining its safety. [37,p.36,Art.37] [37,p.33,Art.25]
[1] Four ships 'sabotaged' in the Gulf of Oman amid tensions 2019-05-13
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48245204
[2] Saudi oil tankers among those attacked off UAE amid Iran tensions 2019-05-13
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-oil-tankers-fujairah/saudi-arabia-says-its-oil-tankers-among-those-hit-off-uae-coast-idUSKCN1SJ088
[3] Two Saudi oil tankers, Norwegian ship apparently attacked near the Persian Gulf amid rising Iran tensions 2019-05-13
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/two-saudi-oil-tankers-attacked-in-the-persian-gulf-amid-rising-iran-tensions/2019/05/13/c8907108-755e-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html
[4] Iran directly behind tanker attacks off UAE coast, US says 2019-05-26
https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/iran-directly-behind-tanker-attacks-off-uae-coast-us-says-1.64179304
[5] Initial findings on Gulf tanker attacks point to a 'state actor' but Iran not mentioned by name 2019-06-07
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/06/middleeast/uae-saudi-oil-tankers-intl/index.html
[6] 'State actor' likely to blame in Fujairah tanker attacks, report says 2019-06-07
https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/state-actor-likely-to-blame-in-fujairah-tanker-attacks-report-says-1.871530
[7] US blames Iran for attacks on tankers in Gulf of Oman 2019-06-13
https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-fifth-fleet-says-received-distress-calls-two-ships-attacked-sea-oman
[8] Gulf of Oman tanker attacks: US says video shows Iran removing mine 2019-06-14
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48633016
[9] Gulf of Oman tanker attacks: What we know 2019-06-18
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48627014
[10] Unexploded Limpet Mine Removed from M/T Kokuka Courageous in the Gulf of Oman 2019-06-13
https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/VIDEO-AND-IMAGERY/VIDEOS/videoid/689676/dvpcc/false/#DVIDSVideoPlayer1276
[11] Pompeo Says 'There's No Doubt' Iran Attacked 2 Tankers 2019-06-19
https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/16/733228551/pompeo-says-there-s-no-doubt-iran-attacked-two-tankers
[12] Iran Fired Missile at US Drone Prior to Tanker Attacks: Defense Official 2019-06-14
https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/06/14/iran-fired-missile-us-drone-prior-tanker-attacks-defense-official.html
[13] Pentagon accuses Iran of shooting missiles at U.S. drones 2019-06-16
https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-iran-drone-attack-20190616-story.html
[14] Japanese Tanker Owner Denies Ship Hit By Mine, Says Crew Saw "Flying Objects" Before Attack 2019-06-14
https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20190614_36/
[15] U.S. drone shot down by Iran in international space, U.S. officials say 2019-06-20
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/military-official-says-no-u-s-drones-iranian-airspace-after-n1019566
[16] Trump says hard to believe Iranian shooting down of U.S. drone was intentional 2019-06-20
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-iran-usa/iran-shoots-down-u-s-military-drone-in-gulf-region-idUKKCN1TL07U
[17] US refutes reports on reconnaissance drone allegedly being shot down over Iran 2019-06-20
https://tass.com/world/1064637
[18] Strait of Hormuz: US confirms drone shot down by Iran 2019-06-20
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48700965
[19] Strikes on Iran Approved by Trump, Then Abruptly Pulled Back 2019-06-20
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/20/world/middleeast/iran-us-drone.html
[20] NEWS - US 'approved strikes on Iran,' then suddenly called them off 2019-06-21
https://www.dw.com/en/us-approved-strikes-on-iran-then-suddenly-called-them-off/a-49289269
[21] News Daily: Trump's Iran air strikes U-turn, and minister accused of assault 2019-06-21
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48704363
[22] Middle East - ‘We were cocked & loaded’: Trump’s account of Iran attack plan facing scrutiny 2019-06-21
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-shoots-down-us-naval-drone-in-persian-gulf-region-officials/2019/06/20/88f6dc52-9328-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.a2e74c1f8f6b
[23] Donald J. Trump: Iran leadership doesn’t understand the words “nice” or “compassion,” they never have. Sadly, the thing they do understand is Strength and Power, and the USA is by far the most powerful Military Force in the world, with 1.5 Trillion Dollars invested over the last two years alone.. 2019-06-25
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1143529903238893568
[24] Donald J. Trump: ....The wonderful Iranian people are suffering, and for no reason at all. Their leadership spends all of its money on Terror, and little on anything else. The U.S. has not forgotten Iran’s use of IED’s & EFP’s (bombs), which killed 2000 Americans, and wounded many more... 2019-06-25
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1143529905323479041
[25] Donald J. Trump: ....Iran’s very ignorant and insulting statement, put out today, only shows that they do not understand reality. Any attack by Iran on anything American will be met with great and overwhelming force. In some areas, overwhelming will mean obliteration. No more John Kerry & Obama! 2019-06-25
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1143529907403788288
[26] Gibraltar Seizes Syria-Bound Tanker Thought to Be Carrying Iranian Oil 2019-07-04
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/04/world/middleeast/oil-tanker-gibraltar-syria-iran.html
[27] Business - Iran Says Seized Oil Tanker in Gibraltar Wasn't Sailing to Syria 2019-07-07
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-07/iran-says-seized-oil-tanker-in-gibraltar-wasn-t-sailing-to-syria
[28] Gibraltar extends detention of Iranian tanker for a month 2019-07-19
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-tanker-gibraltar-idUSKCN1UE16I
[29] Iran tanker seizure: Images of captured British-flagged crew released 2019-07-22
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49074032
[30] Politics - Seized Ship Riah's Charterer Denies Iran Fuel-Smuggling Rap 2019-07-22
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-07-22/seized-ship-riah-s-charterer-denies-iran-s-fuel-smuggling-claim
[31] Iran seizes Iraqi oil tanker smuggling fuel in Gulf: TV 2019-08-04
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-iran-tanker/iran-seizes-a-foreign-oil-tanker-in-gulf-smuggling-fuel-to-some-arab-states-tv-idUSKCN1UU08Y
[32] Iran beschlagnahmt erneut ausländischen Tanker 2019-08-04
https://orf.at/stories/3132577/
[33] Iran 'seizes Iraqi tanker in Gulf for smuggling fuel' 2019-08-05
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49225916
[34] PERSISCHER GOLF - Irak bestreitet Verbindungen zu beschlagnahmtem Öltanker 2019-08-05
https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000107035189/iran-beschlagnahmte-abermals-auslaendischen-oeltanker
[35] Iran setzt Tanker fest: Verwirrung um Herkunft des Schiffes 2019-08-05
https://www.faz.net/agenturmeldungen/dpa/iran-setzt-tanker-fest-verwirrung-um-herkunft-des-schiffes-16318514.html
[36] Iran Seizes Iraqi Vessel In The Gulf 2019-08-05
https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Iran-Seizes-Iraqi-Vessel-In-The-Gulf.html
[37] United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm
https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf
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